Causes: PID is often caused by untreated or inadequately treated sexually transmitted infections, allowing bacteria to ascend from the vagina into the upper reproductive organs.

Risk Factors: Multiple sexual partners, a history of STIs, and engaging in sexual activity at a young age increase the risk of developing PID.

Symptoms: Symptoms can vary but may include pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination, irregular menstrual bleeding, and fever.

Complications: Untreated PID can lead to serious complications such as chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, infertility, and an increased risk of tubo-ovarian abscesses.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes imaging studies or laparoscopy to assess the severity of inflammation and identify complications.

Treatment: PID is typically managed with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and prevent complications. However, in severe cases where PID leads to complications such as recurrent infections, abscess formation, or extensive damage to the reproductive organs, a hysterectomy may be considered as a last resort. This surgical intervention involves the removal of the uterus and, if necessary, surrounding structures affected by the infection. Sexual partners may also need treatment to prevent reinfection. 

Prevention: Safe sexual practices, regular STI screenings, and prompt treatment of any identified infections are key preventive measures.

Impact on Fertility: PID is a leading cause of preventable infertility, emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment to minimize reproductive health consequences.

Follow-Up: After completing antibiotic therapy, follow-up care is crucial to ensure the infection has resolved and to address any lingering symptoms or complications.

Education and Awareness: Promoting awareness about safe sexual practices, regular screenings, and the potential consequences of untreated STIs is essential in preventing PID.